Articles

Beyond Constantinianism

A Critical and Constructive Response to the Diasporic Ethics of Exile Theology
Nicholas Read Brown

Recent developments within and between the fields of historical Jesus study, Christian ethics, and political theory have helped surmount what were once nearly insuperable methodological barriers to stimulate a thick interdisciplinary dialogue. The density of this coalescence is particularly salient with respect to the rise of exilic theology and diasporic ethics. Scholars appropriating this newly emergent paradigm represent a diverse group of thinkers working across a broad spectrum of interests and include (among others) the late John Howard Yoder and Edward Said, Alain Epp Weaver, N. T. Wright, Walter Brueggemann, Daniel Smith-Christopher and Daniel and Jonathan Boyarin. Each has asserted in various contexts that Israel’s exilic experience during the six century BCE provides a highly instructive counter-hegemonic discourse and praxis to those communities still living in some form of exile today. Yoder in particular came to be especially influenced by the theme of exile and toward the end of his career repeatedly argued that the Jeremiahic exhortation to “seek the peace (shalom) of the city” was more politically emblematic of Jesus’ diasporic ethic of ‘not being in charge’ than the Constantinian ethos of Christendom. Nevertheless continued research into the historical Jesus as well as further evaluation of exile theology are beginning to call some of its historical and normative premises into question. Among those that are of interest to this writer are whether Jesus was, per W. D. Davies and N. T. Wright, almost entirely indifferent to Israel’s territorial restoration and whether Yoder’s concept of Constantinianism goes too far in critiquing the (im)moral status of the state. My purpose is to probe these critical questions further and develop a response to exile theology and diasporic ethics that is both critical and constructive. To that end I will discuss Karen Winnel’s historical investigation into Jesus’ understanding of the land, Gerarld Shlabach’s ethical reflections on what he terms the “Deuteronomic Juncture,” and Michael Walzer’s theoretical analysis of reiterative universalism in order to advance the thesis that Jesus did in fact envision a physical reconstitution of Israel’s territorial kingdom and that this spatial aspect of his mission correlatively provides the historical and normative basis from which it is possible to construct a nationalism of just peacemaking.

The Irony of the Secular

Violent Communication at the Limits of Tolerance
Ryan T. O'Leary

This essay juxtaposes common understandings of secularism and religion to make three main points. First, secularity is a religious phenomenon, incorporating and hiding fundamental Protestant assumptions. Second, religiously motivated violent resistance to the ideology of secularism as it is manifested in American expansion reveals these assumptions and their effects. Third, the conflict between an America engaged in a struggle for global domination and violent resistance to that dominance, both domestically and globally, should be understood as a conflict between two fundamentally opposed religious worldviews. Finally, the essay recommends that public discourse needs to reflect this understanding.

The former Sufi Centers of Learning and Their Contemporary Courts

Meron Zeleke

This article argues against the dominant, generalized discourse on religion and religious institutions as the latent sources of conflict, emphasizing the need to address equally vibrant religious institutions that play significant roles in conflict mitigation and reconciliation. An ethnographic case of a Sufi shrine in north central Ethiopia supports this claim. This shrine is involved in conflict resolution both in direct and indirect ways. Weekly court sessions held at the shrine itself and a mobile Court of the Sheikh that travels to different areas on an ad hoc basis serve direct needs for reconciliation in communities. More indirectly, the shrine offers regular, multidimensional rituals that create forums of interaction for people from different ethnic and religious backgrounds. These religious institutions of conflict resolution, defined as exclusive mandates of the state legal system, are crucial in handling both interpersonal conflict and criminal matters.

Conflicts and Peace Initiatives between Minority Muslims and Thai Buddhists in the Southern Thailand

Osman Abdullah Chuah

Malaysia consists of two parts, East Malaysia and West Malaysia. East Malaysia sits geographically atop the Island of Borneo (Indonesia) and is divided into two states, Sabah and Sarawak. West Malaysia, across the Java Sea, is also known as Peninsular Malaya and in the north shares a border and a history with Thailand. In 2010, the country of Thailand had a population of 66 million, 87 percent of which is Buddhist and only 3 percent Muslim. The Muslims are mostly at the extreme southern and northern ends of the country. In the northern region, Muslims and Thais co-exist peacefully without conflict; however, in the southern provinces of Yala, Narathiwat and Patani where 80 percent of the people are Muslim and 20 percent Buddhist, conflicts between Muslims, non-Muslims and Buddhist Thais have occurred regularly. This article examines some of the many causes contributing to the conflict in the region, focusing mainly on causes rooted in religion, ethnic identity, and nationalism.

The Potential for Peacebuilding in Islam

Toward an Islamic Concept of Peace
Hisham Soliman

After some general thoughts about the relationship between religion, conflict, and peace, the focus of this papers narrows to the relationship between Islam and peacebuilding in particular. Foundations for this relationship are laid upon a discussion of the misinterpreted concept of jihad. Islamic values and mechanisms are highlighted to further support an argument for an Islamic concept of peace; of particular importance are the capacities in Islam for nonviolence, the concept of justice in Islam, motivations for humanitarian work in Islam and the duty to work for peace. Excerpts from the sacred texts in Islam as well as examples of practical experiences are used to illustrate and support the argument. The article concludes with thoughts about the absence of most of these practices from the lived reality of Muslim societies.

The Curious Conversion of Adriaan Vlok

Katie Day

In early August of 2006, one of South Africa’s most notorious apartheid-era leaders, Adriaan Vlok, contacted the Rev.

Reconciling Past and Present

A Review Essay on Collective Apologies
Jeremy M. Bergen

This review essay examines two recent edited books on collective apologies. The 2008 apology of Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper to former students of Indian Residential Schools provides the lens through which the reviewer shows how the books provide critical interdisciplinary perspectives on apologies and their reconciling possibilities, as well the kind of further work required.

Isaac and Ishmael

Opportunities for Peace within Religious Narrative
J. Kristen Urban

The present conflict within Israel/Palestine between the Israeli state and Palestinian Arabs living in territories occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six Day War is often pictured as mirroring a “sibling rivalry” that has been a part of biblical history for centuries. But while the Genesis story of Isaac and Ishmael is painful reading today for anyone sensitive to the emotional well-being of the other, the narratives that have grown up around this story in Judaism and in Islam are markedly different! What constitutes an expulsion within Jewish tradition, and thus evokes a concern for the trauma visited upon Hagar and Ishmael, actually marks the beginnings of the Islamic tradition and is accepted as the action of an unfathomable and all-knowing God/Allah.

The Politics of Love and War

What Is Our Responsibility?
Robert C. Johansen

Throughout their history Christians have faced this question: Can I refuse to kill others and still be morally responsible when violent, aggressive groups threaten other people?

Engaging the Powers of Nonviolence

A Critique of Walter Wink's "Third Way"
Julie Todd

Walter Wink’s notion of “Jesus’ Third Way” has become central in discourse on Christian nonviolent theory and activism. This paper critiques this nonviolent ethic as it’s put forth by Wink in Engaging the Powers: Discernment and Resistance in an World of Domination. Given its broad, popular readership and application, it is important to analyze other perspectives that his argument marginalizes. This analysis challenges Wink’s nonviolent ethic on the basis of its universalizing norms, lack of context, simplification of violence, and lack of revolutionary demands.

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Journal of Religion, Conflict, and Peace. Copyright © 2013.
Published by Plowshares: a Peace Studies Collaborative of Earlham and Goshen Colleges and Manchester University. Supported by a grant from the Henry Luce Foundation Initiative on Religion and International Affairs.
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